Type Definitions ================ When Melange encounters a "type definition" [The definition may be implicit, as in ``char ** int`` or ``struct foo *bar``. Simply by being present these code fragments supply implicit definitions for ``char *``, ``char **`` and ``struct foo``.] within a header file, it will typically create a new Dylan class which corresponds to that C type. Usually, this will be a subclass of , which encapsulates the raw C pointer value (i.e an object address). Each statically typed pointer class will have exactly the same structure (i.e. a single address), but the class itself can be used to determine what operations are supported on the data. This could include slot accessors for "struct"s and "union"s, dereference operations for "pointer" types, or general information about the objectUs size, etc. There are times when you will find that some of the types defined in a header file are not really "new". It might be that they are completely identical to some type defined in another interface definition, or they might be "isomorphic" to some existing type which has more complete support. Melange provides support for both of these cases. The first case is handled by "equating" the two types, while the second is handled by "mapping" (i.e. transforming) one type into the other. For example, many header files contain definitions use the types ``char *`` and ``boolean``. The declarations of these types don't provide any semantic interpretations -- ``char *`` is simply the address of a character, and boolean is nothing but a one-byte integer. However, by equating ``char *`` to the predefined ```` type, we can tell Melange that it is actually a ```` and should inherit all of the operations defined upon ````. Likewise, we can map the integral ``boolean`` values into ``#t`` and ``#f`` to get a ````. These integral values will be automatically translated into ```` when they are returned by a C function, and ```` will be translated back into integers when passed as arguments to C functions. .. _melange-implicit-class-definitions: Implicit class definitions -------------------------- Unless otherwise specified, new classes will be created for each type defined in a C header file. When the header file provides meaningful names for these types, then Melange will pass those names to the mapping functions to generate names for the Dylan classes. Otherwise, an anonymous name will be generated, limiting your ability to refer to the new type. For example, ``struct foo`` would typically generate the class ````, while ``struct foo ***`` might generate the class ````. In either case, you can explicitly specify the name for the new class by using the ``rename:`` option described above. Different sorts of C declarations will yield different sorts of Dylan classes as well as different sets of operations defined upon them. Therefore, we will consider each variety separately: Primitive types The types ``int``, ``char``, ``long``, ``short`` and their unsigned counterparts are simply translated into ````, while ``float`` and ``double`` are translated into ````. However, Melange knows the sizes of each of these types so that pointers and native C "vectors" of them (described below) will work properly. No new types are created for these types. Pointer types Declarations like ``int *`` or ``struct foo ***`` generate new subclasses of ````. Note that ``struct foo *`` is actually treated as a synonym for ``struct foo``, and does not get a distinct class, although any extra levels of indirection (i.e. ``struct foo **``) will generate new pointer classes. Three operations are supported upon pointer classes: .. code-block:: dylan pointer-value (pointer, #key index) => (value) This function "dereferences" the pointer and returns the value. If index is supplied, then "pointer" is treated as a vector of values and the appropriate element is returned. .. code-block:: dylan content-size (cls) => integer Returns the size of the value referenced by instances of "cls". If the size is not known, this is 0. Note that these types are not automatically treated as vectors. You may, however, make them so by using a ``superclasses:`` option to make them s. Vector types Declarations like ``char [256]`` are treated almost identically to pointer types, but they are automatically defined as subclasses of , so that all vector operations will be defined on them. However, because many systems depend upon the lack of bounds checking in C, vector types have a default size of ``#f``. You may explicitly define ``size`` functions to provide a more accurate size. Structure types Declarations like ``struct bar {int a; char *b;}`` also generate new subclasses of ````. Melange will define all of the operations defined for pointer values (described above), as well as accessors for each of the structure slots. Structure objects are always accessed through "pointers" to them. Therefore, unless a non-zero index is specified, ``pointer-value`` will simply return the object passed to it. (The operation is still defined because non-zero indices can be used for vector access.) Union types Declarations like ``union bar {int a, char *b;}`` are treated the same as struct declarations, except that the slot accessors all refer to the same areas in memory. Enumeration types -- Declarations like ``enum foo {one, two, three};`` are simply aliased to . However, constants are defined for each of the enumeration literals. Typedefs Declarations like ``typedef struct foo bar`` simply define new names for existing types. .. _melange-class-inheritance: Specifying class inheritance ---------------------------- When Melange creates new ```` classes, it typically creates them as simple subclasses of ````, with no other superclasses. However, you might sometimes need more control over the class hierarchy. For example, you might wish to specify that a C type should be considered a subtype of the abstract class ````. You could accomplish this via the following declarations: .. code-block:: dylan define interface #include "sequence.h"; struct "struct cons_cell" => , superclasses: {}; function "c_list_size" => size; end interface; define method forward-iteration-protocol (seq :: ) ... Note that the type ```` will still be a subclass of ```` -- we have simply added ```` to the list of superclasses. If ```` is not explicitly included in the ``superclasses:`` option, then it will be added at the end of the superclass list. As demonstrated in the above example, you are still responsible for specifying whatever functions are required to satisfy the contract for the declared superclasses. ```` will be declared as a sequence, but you must specify a forward iteration protocol before any of the standard sequence operations will work properly. The ``superclasses:`` option may currently be used within ``struct``, ``union``, and ``pointer`` clauses.